⚡ Quick Fix (TL;DR)

The Culprit: The number was there. Its text color was the same near-black as the dark card behind it. The grade badge and "/ 100" label used lighter colors, so only the number vanished.

The Fix: Use the light text color for text on dark backgrounds. The takeaway: before chasing data or loading bugs for a missing value, check whether it is rendered but invisible. Select the area, or inspect the element's color against its background.